State transformation goes nuclear: Chinese National Nuclear Companies’ expansion into Europe

Abstract

Most of the literature on state transformation focuses on China’s relations with African, Asian and Latin American countries and the National Oil Companies’ overseas expansion to show that China has become fragmented, decentralised and internationalised. This article contributes novel findings by focusing on China’s relations with Europe and the actions of China’s National Nuclear Companies (NNCs). It shows that NNCs, which have become relatively autonomous actors, often pursue their agendas of expansion into Europe without much coordination with, or even in contradiction to, other ministries’ agendas and interests, especially the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Instead of being orchestrated by the central government, their expansion reflects considerable disorganisation and sometimes undermines China’s official strategy. The article demonstrates this through case studies of NNCs’ involvement in the UK and Romania.     

论日本核污染的法律规制

从福岛核电站事故到日本政府排海方案,存在核污染风险的法律规制问题。排海方案实施行为违背多项国际环境保护义务。日本环境法规制在福岛事故前后发生变化,《放射性污染特措法》对日本国内核污染进行系统法律规制。国内法规制体系相对严格使得日本政府将核废水从国内排放转移到海洋排放。核污染风险法律预防需要突破剩余风险的限制,不能够按照达标排污即合规的常规预防思路,而应当采取特别预防,从风险的内涵定位、判断要素、禁令诉讼等多方面对其规制路径进行整体建构。     

电针时间对急性心肌缺血大鼠保护作用及心肌核转录因子-κB表达水平的影响

目的 观察电针时间对急性心肌缺血大鼠心脏保护作用及对心肌核转录因子-κB(nuclear transcrip-tic factor-κB,NF-κB)表达的影响,探讨电针干预急性心肌缺血的机制.方法 将SD大鼠随机分成正常组、模型组和电针即刻组、电针1d组、电针3d组、电针5d组、电针7d组,每组6只.采用结扎心脏冠状动脉左前降支法制备急性心肌缺血大鼠模型.电针心经"神门-通里"段,每次30 min,频率2 Hz、强度为1 mA的断续波分别进行即刻、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d的电针治疗.用PowerLab 16导生理记录仪记录心电图;酶联免疫法检测血清肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isoenzyme,CK-MB)、缺血修饰白蛋白(ischemia modified albumin,IMA)水平;Western blot检测心肌组织NF-κB蛋白表达水平,荧光定量PCR检测NF-κB mRNA表达水平.结果 与正常组比较,模型组大鼠ST段抬高,血清CK、CK-MB、IMA水平显著升高(P<0.05),NF-κB蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05).与模型组比较,即刻电针组大鼠血清IMA水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CK、CK-MB水平显著降低(P<0.05),其他各电针组CK、CK-MB、IMA水平逐渐降低,以电针7 d组降低最为显著(P<0.05);即刻电针组、电针1 d组大鼠心肌组织中NF-κB蛋白及mRNA差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),电针1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d组表达水平呈下降趋势,以电针7 d组下降最为显著(P<0.05).结论 电针心经从第3天开始改善急性心肌缺血,且在治疗7 d后效果最为明显,其机制可能与逆转心肌组织NF-κB表达有关.     

基于STAT-3/NF-κB/ICAM-1通路探讨丹皮酚缓解小鼠结肠炎相关性结直肠癌的作用机制

目的 从STAT-3/NF-κB/ICAM-1信号通路探讨丹皮酚缓解小鼠结肠"炎—癌转化"的机制.方法 构建结肠"炎—癌转化"小鼠模型,ELISA法检测小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和白细胞介素10(inter-leukin-10,IL-10)水平,Western blot法和免疫组织化学染色法检测小鼠结肠组织内信号转导及转录激活因子3(signal transdncers and activators of transduction-3,STAT-3)、核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)p65和细胞间黏附分子1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)蛋白表达水平.结果 光学显微镜下可见丹皮酚治疗组小鼠结肠的炎症细胞浸润、腺体紊乱等病变明显减轻.丹皮酚可显著降低肿瘤数量、肿瘤质量及脾脏指数(P<0.05),显著降低模型小鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平(P<0.05),显著升高血清IL-10水平(P<0.05),显著降低小鼠结肠STAT-3、NF-κB p65和ICAM-1的表达水平(P<0.05),其中以丹皮酚中剂量组的作用为优(P<0.05).结论 丹皮酚能有效缓解小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的炎症反应,其作用机制与调节STAT-3/NF-κB/ICAM-1信号通路有关.     

盘龙七片调控SIRT1/NF- κB通路对骨关节炎软骨细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察盘龙七片对骨关节炎（osteoarthritis,OA）小鼠沉默信息转录调控因子（silent information regulator type 1,SIRT1）/核因子- κB（nuclear factor- kappa B,NF- κB）通路及软骨细胞凋亡的影响。方法 手术切除右膝关节内侧半月板和前交叉韧带复制小鼠OA模型。将小鼠分为正常对照组,模型组,阳性对照组,盘龙七片低、中、高剂量组。通过番红O- 快速绿染色观察膝关节结构变化,进行Mankin评分评估关节炎严重程度,流式细胞术检测软骨细胞凋亡指数,qRT- PCR检测Bax、Bcl- 2、Caspase- 3 mRNA表达水平,Western blot法检测软骨细胞 SIRT1、NF- κB蛋白表达水平。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠膝关节软骨细胞凋亡率增加,Bax、Caspase- 3 mRNA和NF- κB蛋白表达水平显著增加,Bcl- 2 mRNA和SIRT1蛋白表达水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,阳性对照组与盘龙七片低、中、高剂量组小鼠膝关节软骨细胞凋亡率显著降低,Bax、Caspase- 3 mRNA和NF- κB蛋白表达水平显著降低,Bcl- 2 mRNA和SIRT1蛋白表达水平显著增加,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,盘龙七片的作用呈明显的剂量依赖性。结论 盘龙七片可抑制OA小鼠膝关节软骨细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调节SIRT1/NF- κB信号通路相关。     

The challenge of cyber attack deterrence

National security planners have begun to look beyond reactive, tactical cyber defense to proactive, strategic cyber defense, which may include international military deterrence. The incredible power of nuclear weapons gave birth to deterrence, a military strategy in which the purpose of armies shifted from winning wars to preventing them. Although cyber attacks per se do not compare to a nuclear explosion, they do pose a serious and increasing threat to international security. Real-world examples suggest that cyber warfare will play a lead role in future international conflicts. This article examines the two deterrence strategies available to nation-states (denial and punishment) and their three basic requirements (capability, communication, and credibility) in the light of cyber warfare. It also explores whether the two most challenging aspects of cyber attacks – attribution and asymmetry – will make cyber attack deterrence an impossible task.     

“关东州”的殖民文化研究——以日语教育为中心

"关东州"的日语教育始于日俄战争期间,随着租借期限的延长,其殖民教育政策及措施在不断地发展。到"九.一八"事变之前,其奴化教育体系已然成型,同时,为了长期维护日本的殖民统治,推进普及日语教育策略,还建立了奖励学习外语的"语学检定"制度。在《关东州人教育令》颁布后,奴化教育达到了顶峰,以实现对大连地区乃至整个东北进行文化侵略和殖民奴化教育的目的。     

阿以伊三角关系评析

以色列和阿塞拜疆的关系虽不事张扬但内涵丰富,属战略盟友关系。伊朗与阿塞拜疆这两个毗邻的国家,虽然具有共同的历史、相同的宗教、相似的种族,但没有促进反而阻碍了两国间的信任,两国在政治制度、里海划界、对外关系等方面均有显著的矛盾。进入21世纪以来,伊朗与以色列日益成为中东地区的直接竞争对手,加之两国政治制度上的差异、以色列所处的地理位置及伊朗核活动的持续,两国关系的敌对性愈益强烈。因此,近年来伊朗与阿塞拜疆之间进行的与以色列相关的一系列相互指责显然是事出有因的。在以色列对抗伊朗的过程中,阿塞拜疆一直并将继续扮演特殊角色。     

Déjà vu! The effect of previewing test items on the validity of the Concealed Information polygraph Test

Abstract

This research compares resident, peer and staff reports of bullying and victimization in one open facility and one secure facility for young offenders. The prevalence of bullies and victims was higher according to resident reports (self-reports) than according to peer or staff reports. There was significant agreement between residents, peers, and staff in identifying bullies and victims. The majority of bullies and victims identified by peers and/or staff were also identified by self-reports. Making the plausible assumption that bullies and victims tend to be concealed, it is concluded that self-reports (in the context of an individual interview) provide the most reliable and valid information about bullies and victims in young offender institutions. Hence, anti-bullying strategies should be based on self-report data.     

Trafficking in Nuclear Materials: Criminals and Terrorists

The essay examines the networks that facilitate the transport of nuclear materials from the source to their possible purchasers. Analyzing the role of prisons in criminal operations, the interaction of criminals and terrorists, and the character of new organized crime groups, the author concludes that some of the most serious nuclear smuggling is not random or opportunistic. Rather, the most serious trafficking is rarely detected because it is run by professionals whose well established smuggling networks, facilitated by corruption, have the capacity to move significant quantities of diverse contraband without apprehension. Technical solutions to address this problem are not sufficient because detectors cannot identify well guarded HEU. Rather, much more attention needs to be paid to the crime and terror networks that can facilitate this trade.